1. Download a modified version of the XNA vsix: link
2. Unzip XNA Game Studio 4.0.vsix and replace the
<InstallationTarget Version="[12.0,16.0)" Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.VSWinDesktopExpress" />
<InstallationTarget Version="[12.0,16.0)" Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Pro" />
<InstallationTarget Version="[12.0,16.0)" Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Premium" />
<InstallationTarget Version="[12.0,16.0)" Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Ultimate" />
<InstallationTarget Version="[14.0,16.0)" Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Community" />
<InstallationTarget Version="[14.0,16.0)" Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Enterprise" />
</Installation>
3. Place everything in a zip file again and change the extension to vsix. Now run the the vsix file. It should give a warning message but other than that install for VS2017 without problems.
4. Copy everything from C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\XNA Game Studio to C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Community\MSBuild\Microsoft\XNA Game Studio
5. Open the Visual Studio 2017 developer command prompt by searching for Developer command prompt for VS 2017 as administrator and execute the following code: (this will add the new version of Microsoft.Build.Framework to the Global Assembly Cache).
cd C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Community\MSBuild\15.0\Bin
gacutil /i Microsoft.Build.Framework.dll
Note that the bug is tracked here: https://github.com/Microsoft/msbuild/issues/1831
After this you should be able to work with XNA in Visual Studio 2017 without problems. Remember that you can upgrade the .Net version XNA uses by manually editing the csproj files in notepad.
Also, check out how to setup XNA for Visual Studio 2017 here by FlatRedBall Games. An XNA installer for Visual Studio 2017 cane also be found here.